Falling rates of fertility in many countries have led to concerns that low fertility is a threat to future living … demographic change. These simulations show that reduced fertility would actually increase living standards, albeit by a small … amount. We also present projections of government social outlays. These projections suggest that reductions in fertility will …

Population policies are defined here as voluntary programs which help people control their fertility and expect to … improve their lives. There are few studies of the long-run effects of policy-induced changes in fertility on the welfare of … contraception or age-specific fertility. The dearth of long-run family planning experiments has led economists to consider …

orphaned children. On the other hand, widespread community infection lowers fertility, both directly, through a reduction in … attainment, the fertility effect dominates. The AIDS epidemic, on net, enhances the future per capita consumption possibilities …

We analyse various pathways through which access to electricity affects fertility, using a pseudo-panel of Indonesian … results suggest that the subsequent effects on fertility account for about 18 to 24 percent of the overall decline in the … fertility rate, depending on the specification. A key channel through which electrification affects fertility is increased …

Indonesia, are effective in advising young women to delay their first birth and also influence the decision on post … also stay longer in post-primary school. According to the average returns of education in Indonesia, I conclude that family …