The conditions under which managerial textual content that has the potential to be “cheap talk” is more influential in the price formation process have not been previously investigated. We document that investors respond more to unexpected managerial net optimism in settings where our...

This paper examines whether the "soft" information contained in the text of management's quarterly earnings press releases is incrementally informative over the company's reported "hard" earnings news. We use Diction, a textual-analysis program, to extract various dimensions of managerial net...

This paper examines whether the “soft” information contained in the text of management’s quarterly earnings press releases is incrementally informative over the company’s reported “hard” earnings news. We use Diction, a textual-analysis program, to extract various dimensions of...