This paper analyzes the occupational status and distribution of free women in the antebellum United States. It … among women by nativity, urbanization, and region of the country. While foreign-born and illiterate women were more likely … greater the slave-intensity of the county, the less likely were free women to report having an occupation, particularly as …

areas in April-August 2020 by 7% overall and by 74% for rural women, over baseline employment rate. These cushioning effects … strengthened as the mobility restrictions eased and were larger for women who were less mobile and less skilled. Our results …