We study the impact of managers on the success of professional soccer teams using data from the German "Bundesliga". We … evaluate the performance impact of individual managers by estimating regression models that include both team and manager fixed … effects, where we are exploiting the high turnover of managers between teams to disentangle the managers' contributions. We …

We use data on British football managers and teams over the 1994-2007 period to study substitution and complementarity … equal, managers who themselves played at a higher level raise the productivity of less-skilled teams by more than that of … subordinates the skills needed to succeed, since less skilled players have more to learn. We also find that managers with more …