endowments and productivity, relative factor costs emerge as a source of real-income variation across countries. These are shaped … back out the relative factor costs of 40 major economies in a theory-consistent manner. This reduces the variation in … "residual" productivity required to explain the observed per-capita income differences by more than one half. …

theories of competition. Yet, despite its intuitive appeal, thehypothesis that companies with superior productivity also … the conventional view that focuses on individual productivities, our value-chainperspective on the productivity …

productivity gains. Contrary to previous work that neglects dependencies between suppliers in global value chains, we explicitly … account for input linkages that impact both channels of productivity improvement. Using sector-level data from the World Input …-Output Database, we show that market share reallocation has a markedly larger effect on productivity change than innovation. …