This paper explores the usage of various industrial policy tools in Japan. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, we find … scale. In addition, we find no evidence that productivity was enhanced as a result of industrial policy measures …

measure the impact of participation on the ex-post research productivity of the firm. We are able to find evidence that … frequent participation in these consortia has a positive impact on research expenditure and research productivity. These … firms' research productivity. Furthermore, we find evidence that part of this impact arises from the increased knowledge …

measure the impact of participation on the ex-post research productivity of the firm. We are able to find evidence that … frequent participation in these consortia has a positive impact on research expenditure and research productivity. These … firms' research productivity. Furthermore, we find evidence that part of this impact arises from the increased knowledge …