The blood supply chain (BSC) is a complex system with optimization challenges, whose activities impact carbon emissions and the environment, especially with regard to the disposal of expired blood bag waste. This study proposes a new mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model that considers...

In this paper, we present a multi-tiered competitive supply chain network model for the blood banking industry, with a focus on the United States, that captures the economic interactions between three tiers of stakeholders; namely, the blood service organizations, the hospitals or medical...