In this paper, we present a new clustering method that involves data envelopment analysis (DEA). The proposed DEA-based clustering approach employs the piecewise production functions derived from the DEA method to cluster the data with input and output items. Thus, each evaluated decision-making...

The EM algorithm is the standard method for estimating the parameters in finite mixture models. Yang and Pan [25] proposed a generalized classification maximum likelihood procedure, called the fuzzy <italic>c</italic>-directions (FCD) clustering algorithm, for estimating the parameters in mixtures of von Mises...