In the field of mortality, the Lee–Carter based approach can be considered the milestone to forecast mortality rates …–Carter model, the κ t parameter, describing the mortality trend over time, plays an important role about the future mortality … behavior. The traditional ARIMA process usually used to model κ t shows evident limitations to describe the future mortality …

Estimation of future mortality rates still plays a central role among life insurers in pricing their products and … managing longevity risk. In the literature on mortality modeling, a wide number of stochastic models have been proposed, most … of them forecasting future mortality rates by extrapolating one or more latent factors. The abundance of proposed models …

future mortality rates. It can be argued that there are two types of mortality models using this approach. The first extracts …-parametric smoothing techniques to model mortality and thus has no explicit constraints placed on the model. We argue that from a … using Great Britain male mortality data from 1950–2016. We also conduct a robustness test to see how sensitive the forecasts …