We give two new approaches to testing a conditional form of exogeneity. This conditionensures unconfoundedness and identication of eects of interest in structural systems. Asthese approaches do not rely on the absence of causal eects of treatment under the null,they complement earlier methods of...

This paper presents the econometric approach to causal modeling. It is motivated by policy problems. New causal parameters are defined and identified to address specific policy problems...

This paper proposes estimating causalities in bilateral international trade in simultaneous systems, including domestic and foreign GDP as well as mutual trade flows. Conventional macroeconomic theory mainly follows partial approaches like import functions or exportled growth. Focusing on the US...

The emergence of novelty is a driving agent for economic change. New technologies, new productsand services, new institutional arrangements, to mention a few examples, are the backbone ofdevelopment and growth. Important though it is, the emergence of novelty is not well understood.What seems to...

Die Frage nach der Kausalität fällt in die Methodologie. Methodologie ist in denWirtschaftswissenschaften ein Bereich, der sowohl bei Ökonomen als auch bei Philosophenkaum Beachtung findet. ....

This paper intends to provide an evaluation of where the economic research onhappiness stands and in which interesting directions it might develop...