This volume presents 18 recent IMF research studies on the causes and consequences of corruption, as well as how it can most effectively be combated to improve governance, increase economic growth, and reduce poverty. The authors examine how civil service wages affect corruption, the impact of...

This chapter discusses the changes that have taken place in the underlying structural relationships determining government expenditures between 1975 and 1986. The paper describes the methodological problems in analyzing the determinants of government expenditure patterns, and the issues involved...

This paper examines financial sector reforms in eight developing countries--Argentina, Bulgaria, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda--and derives general lessons from their experience. The paper reviews the initial situation of these countries; describes the financial sector (and...

The IMF Working Papers series is designed to make IMF staff research available to a wide audience. Almost 300 Working Papers are released each year, covering a wide range of theoretical and analytical topics, including balance of payments, monetary and fiscal issues, global liquidity, and...

1. Indonesian Economy in Time of Covid: Surviving the Turmoil through Manufacturing Sector -- 2. Post-COVID Recovery: Harnessing Digital Platforms -- 3. A Better Match: Do technology gaps with foreign subsidiaries affect domestic firms’ productivity? Case Study of Indonesian Manufacturing --...

Despite the global resolve to ensure the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation, several people across the world still have very limited or no access to basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services. Therefore, this study primarily examined the effect of...

This study reviews policy developments in recent years and, in the light of that, explores ways in which further consensus might be reached among WTO members to reduce farm trade distortions - and thereby also progress the multilateral trade reform agenda. Particular attention is given to ways...

Purpose - This article analyses the effect of bank concentration on women's political empowerment in 80 developing countries over the period 2004-2020. Design/methodology/approach - Banking concentration (BC) is measured by the assets held by the three largest commercial banks as a percentage of...