Economic theories are often fitted directly to data to avoid possible model selection biases. We show that embedding a theory model that specifies the correct set of m relevant exogenous variables, x{t}, within the larger set of m k candidate variables, (x{t},w{t}), then selection over the...

Several studies have developed empirical models of U.K. money demand using the century of annual and phase-average data in Friedman and Schwartz (1982). The current paper evaluates key models from those studies, employing tests of constancy and encompassing. The evidence strongly favors an...

Since the objective of economic policy is to change target variables in the DGP, when economic policy analysis uses an econometric model, it is important that the model delivers reliable inferences about policy responses in the DGP. This requires that the model be congruent and encompassing; and...

To achieve net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions requires a dramatic energy transition from fossil fuels to renewables, as well as eliminating other sources of GHG emissions from agriculture, construction and waste. A comprehensive strategy should utilise five key sensitive intervention points...

Ordinary least squares estimation of an impulse-indicator coefficient is inconsistent, but its variance can be consistently estimated. Although the ratio of the inconsistent estimator to its standard error has a t-distribution, that test is inconsistent: one solution is to form an index of...