While for quite a long time the budget was considered one of the crucial management tools, it has always been subject to criticisms, which have become stronger in the last couple of decades, under the commercial name of “Beyond Budgeting”. In this article, we review the history and...

For quite a while, in the second half of the 20th Century, Albania was considered the possibly most radical communist country, even beyond Mao's China, and was an isolated country in Europe. Then, after the fall of the Berlin wall, it evolved towards some form of western capitalism, which is...

Control systems are a fundamental tool in the management process. Management control systems have been judged using the criterion of goal congruence - that is, to what extent the possible rewards given to people when they take specific actions benefit at the same time individuals and the...

Accounting systems are an essential tool for providing information for decision-making intended for the survival of the firm in the long run, which will benefit the different stakeholders of the firm (if managed properly) and society in general. Of course, the financial function and the...

In the last few decades, there has been some concern about forms becoming less and less “human”. Or, in other words, becoming a place where human beings cannot self- actualize, where they are only pieces of a puzzle or “adjuncts to machines”. This paper intends to review briefly the...

This paper is an attempt to set up a more general formulation of the principal-agent model that can accommodate these organizational situations, rather common in the world of business management, for the purpose of deriving useful propositions about both organizational design and the process of...