This article introduces a matrix model to account for variations in turnout as a function of the interaction between individual attributes and perceptions, stressed by the Michigan model, and stimuli from political mobilization and government performance, stressed by institutional theories....

While there are many ways to define democratic representation, all include the need for a representative assembly elected by universal suffrage. EU member states divide almost evenly between those in which this assembly is the sole chamber in a unicameral parliament or one chamber in a bicameral...

This paper introduces a conceptual distinction between fairness in bureaucratic encounters and such related concepts as administrative discretion and corruption in the delivery of public services by bureaucrats. Since real as distinct from ideal-type bureaucratic fairness is a goal rather than...

Although the tangible substance of corruption is in principle observable, the difficulties of collecting evidence of illegal acts has resulted in perceptions of corruption being widely used as a proxy indicator. This paper marshals evidence from a nationwide survey of Russians to show that doing...

This article demonstrates that the European Union's linguistic diversity policy is a barrier to greater popular participation in a European public space. It sets out three political communication models: elite discourse, aggregative democracy and deliberation in a European public space; each has...