Urban sprawl has deleterious effects on natural and man-made landscapes and therefore, on the attractiveness of visitor and tourist areas. The spread of urban land use has prompted a significant loss of biodiversity and an increasing vulnerability of fragile natural and man-made systems. A...

Urban system theory seeks to comprehensively capture the complexity of cities. Digital twin cities are "digital mirror images" or symbionts of physical cities, and thus, they form a complex adaptive system. Unlike the reductionist practice of urban informatization and digitalization, digital...