international community, notably Togo’s African peers, the AU and ECOWAS, followed a ‘laissez-faire’ approach in the interests of … regional stability and their national interests in dealing with Togo. Economic growth remained stable at about 5% per annum … ses homologues africains du Togo, l’UA et la CEDEAO, a adopté une approche de «laisser-faire» dans l’intérêt de la …

Background: About 90.4% of Togolese workers operate in the informal sector and account for between 20 and 30% of Togo …

-endedly. Overriding concerns for stability in West Africa in view of growing Islamist threats in neighbouring countries as well as Togo … surpassed the national budget. Concerning the relation of illegal financial transfers to GDP Togo was leading worldwide with 76 ….3% (2008 to 2013). The business climate improved considerably nevertheless. Although Togo still counted among low income …

services. The outbreak of the Corona epidemic in Togo in April and the subsequent economic recession may have contributed to …, democracy remains far from complete. However, the international community, notably Togo’s African peers, the AU and ECOWAS …, followed a ‘laissez-faire’ approach in the interests of regional stability and their national interests in dealing with Togo …

moving south towards the four countries of interest of this paper (Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Senegal and Togo). At the time of …

When the longest-serving African dictator, Togo's Gnassingbé Eyadéma, died unexpectedly in February 2005 after 38 years … of autocratic rule, Togo became a test case for indigenous democratisation efforts of African states. However, it soon … democratic forces of Togo at the time of the execution of fair and free elections. Afterwards a long-term reconstruction …

, and Togo, all members of West African Monetary Union. …