"Surveys enterprises with less than 10 employees and low capitalization. Describes tax and labor laws and finds common patterns across the three countries: males predominate among owners, women among workers and self-employed; and higher education is associated with larger, better-capitalized...

In this paper the main focus lies on the shadow economy and on work in the shadow in OECD, developing and transition countries. Besides informal employment in the rural and non-rural sector also other measures of informal employment like the share of employees not covered by social security, own...

In this paper the main focus lies on the shadow economy and on work in the shadow in OECD, developing and transition countries. Besides informal employment in the rural and non-rural sector also other measures of informal employment like the share of employees not covered by social security, own...