Estimates of the effect of fetal health shocks may suffer from survivorship bias. The fetal origins literature seemingly agrees that survivorship bias is innocuous in the sense that it induces a bias toward zero. Arguably, however, selective mortality can imply a bias away from zero. In the case...

Interdependencies in consumer behavior stem from either status-seeking consumption orcompliance with social norms. This paper analyzes how a consumption act changes froma means to signal the consumer’s status to a means of norm compliance. It is shown thatsuch a transformation can only be...