Economic activity in the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region is expected to remain resilient but slow this year as a weaker global economy, slowdown in China, and lower commodity prices weigh on the region's growth outlook. Regional growth is likely to drop to 2.8 percent in 2024, following...

Economic growth slowed sharply last year in Europe and Central Asia, as Russia's invasion of Ukraine, a surge in inflation, and the sharp tightening of monetary policy and financing conditions hit private consumption, investment, and trade. The marked increase in food and energy prices boosted...

Europe and Central Asia continues to be negatively impacted by the Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine, tighter global financial conditions, persistent inflation, and global economic fragmentation. Economic growth in the region is projected to remain weak relative to the long-term trend,...

This edition of the Macro Poverty Outlooks periodical contains country-by-country forecasts and overviews for GDP, fiscal, debt and poverty indicators for the developing countries of the Europe and Central Asia region. Macroeconomic indicators such as population, gross domestic product and gross...

Countries across Eastern Europe and Central Asia are in their third decade of independence. What impact does this have on the skills premium and does accession to the European Union have an impact on the returns to education. The returns to education in 28 transition and 20 non-transition...

The objective of this policy note is to provide an overview of the three draft project proposals and to recommend key design principles and implementation arrangement options for a coordinated outplacement program in the Eastern Wielkopolska region that would provide a package of services to...

The recent global crises, such as the COVID-19 crisis, remind us of the importance of efficient transportation and logistics. Notably, however, even before the crises, some regions were already experiencing a gradual increase in freight costs, with more and more empty trucks observed. The paper...

Chapter 1 Marketing Environment -- Chapter 2 Marketing Management Planning -- Chapter 3 Segmentation, Targeting And Positioning -- Chapter 4 Product And Packaging Decision -- Chapter 5 Brand Management -- Chapter 6 Consumer Behaviour (B2C and B2B) -- Chapter 7 Supply Chain Management -- Chapter...

Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contributors -- 1 The Economics of Corruption: An Overview George T. Abed and Sanjeev Gupta -- Part I Causes and Consequences of Corruption -- 2 Corruption Around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures Vito Tanzi -- 3 Bureaucratic...