Increasingly, researchers and policymakers alike recognize that innovations are generated by complex and dynamic national ecosystems that include government, industry, universities and schools. Because these systems differ by country and are strongly influenced by culture, effective policy and...

New operational definitions of incremental innovation, standard innovation, and radical innovation, are constructed using our ‘technometric benchmarking’ model. Based on this definition, optimal incremental innovation is formulated as a linear programming problem. The model is illustrated by...

How efficiently do countries translate scientific and technological excellence into export comparative advantage? Here the use of science and technology in generating exports is first modelled as a two-stage process. A variant of linear programming (data envelopment analysis, DEA) is then...

Gradient methods have been useful in economics, particularly in non-linear programming and estimation. This paper outlines a gradient model of dynamic consumer behaviour under uncertainty. An extension to a two-consumer bargaining model is suggested. A key role is played by the nature and extent...

Aaron and McGuire recently put forward a new method for imputing benefits of government expenditures on public goods for various income classes. They fail to present conclusive empirical results, however, lacking a parameter whose value is heretofore unmeasured. This note uses three independent...

What impact do taxes and public spending have on income distribution? The sanguine conclusion that government budgets take from the rich and give to the poor stems largely from the persistent assumption of neutral expenditure incidence. Recently, Aaron and McGuire outlined the basis for a new...