This paper presents a general framework for estimating the renovation and investment requirements associated with a green transformation of the residential sector that effectively reduces the net emissions of the residential sector (close) to zero. The framework takes ecological and...

A quarter of the workforce regularly works from home, oftentimes blending office and remote work The office market is undergoing a stress test, with challenging conditions expected to persist The permanent shift toward working from home (WFH) is expected to decrease long-term office space demand...

This paper investigates how multinational firms choose their capital structure in response to political risk. We focus on two choice variables, the leverage and the ownership structure of the foreign affiliate, and we distinguish different types of political risk, like expropriation, corruption...

23 Stock Exchanges were in operation in Germany in 1913. We provide new data about the number of listed firms, their market value, and the number of IPOs between 1897 and 1913 for all exchanges. We assess reasons why a firm opts to be listed at a certain exchange. Large firms tend to be listed...

We are calling for comparisons of banking and banking systems from a spatial perspective. Therefore, this paper develops a classification identifying decentralized and centralized banking according to two characteristics: geographical market orientation (regional vs. supraregional) - to...