When do parties use emotive rhetoric to appeal to voters? In this article, we argue that politicians are more likely to employ positive affect (valence) in their rhetoric to appeal to voters when parties are not ideologically distinct and when there is uncertainty about public preferences. To...

The extent, dispersion, and depth of social inequality in the new democracies of Central and Eastern Europe are important elements of long-term legitimation of these regimes. As this concept has remained somewhat underdeveloped, we use new survey data in 12 Central and Eastern European countries...

As distinct from income or wealth inequality, ‘social inequality’ is currently poorly understood and, at best, unevenly measured. We conceptualize social inequality as the relative position of individuals along a number of dimensions that measure achieved outcomes and, innovatively,...