Before 1941, U.S. regulatory bodies were unrestricted. By 1946, several states and the federal government had imposed restrictions. It further took 40 years for every state to enact an Administrative Procedures Act (APA), a law that dictates how regulatory agencies promulgate regulations....

This study investigates whether the presence of rookie independent directors (rookie IDs) is associated with audit fees and finds a positive association. Moreover, the positive effect of rookie IDs on audit fees is accentuated for firms whose rookie IDs have no academic background, are appointed...