By contrast with generalisations about corruption being pervasive in Africa, empirical studies show that some citizens pay bribes for public services while others do not. Three theoretical explanations for variations — differences in national context, individual attributes and public services...

The great majority of EU member states are not big states, and they are further divided into not so small, smaller and smallest states. The European Union’s establishment by a treaty between 27 independent states confers juridical equality on each state regardless of its population. Insofar as...

The EU was founded by elites operating by stealth and with the passive consent of deferential citizens. It expanded by spillover, many small hardly noticed steps, and a few big elite agreements. Today, the EU's policies are not a visible and controversial element in the political debates of...