, and construct measures of polarization and fractionalization based on the cardinals' birthplaces. The deaths of popes and … find that an increase of one standard deviation in our measure of polarization raised the likelihood of internal conflict …We study the effect of divisions within the elite on the probability of internal conflict in the Papal States between …

polarization, a key mechanism theorized as increasing the chances of violent conflict, remains less understood. We argue that …Does secessionism lead to social polarization? Despite much research on independence movements, their relationship to …. However, polarization does not necessarily lead to violence. We explore the case of Catalonia, a region that experienced a …

high levels of polarization; (2) the relationship between conflict onset and the range over which we calculate variable …This article examines how the relationship between ethnic polarization and civil war could be moderated by different … degrees of ethnic salience. Using an agent-based computational model, we analyze the polarization—conflict relationship when …