Epidemiological models are commonly used to predict and describe the spread of a viral outbreak among a population. Many such models use differential equations and transition rates to predict the growth dynamics of the infectious and exposed groups with a greater population. These methods do not...

The study of mortality is an ever-active field of research, and new methods or combinations of methods are constantly being developed. In the actuarial domain, the study of phenomena disrupting mortality and leading to excess mortality, as in the case of COVID-19, is of great interest....