This paper empirically examines customer preferences for the reliable sources of electricity using data obtained from a survey of back-up systems owned by large computer users in Japan. The empirical results based on probabilistic discrete choice models indicate that (1) customers face a...

This paper presents empirical evidence on scale economies and overcapitalization in Japanese electric utilities. The authors employ the short-run equilibrium model in which the variable cost function treats capital stock as a quasi-fixed factor. They specify the variable cost function as a...