The macroeconomic environment of Japan has constantly been under pressure owing to rising public debt and fiscal deficits. Credit demand has been limited and has shown weak profitability. Growing risks have heightened concerns about a possible feedback to financial stability. This report...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss two important extensions to the well‐known value‐at‐risk (VaR) methodology, namely extreme value theory (EVT) and expected shortfall (ES). Both of these extensions address the weaknesses of VaR, in particular the methodology's tendency to...

In recent years, the IMF has released a growing number of reports and other documents covering economic and financial developments and trends in member countries. Each report, prepared by a staff team after discussions with government officials, is published at the option of the member country.

Purpose – Quantitative methods known as scoring models have been traditionally developed for credit granting decisions using statistical procedures. The purpose of this paper is to develop a non-parametric credit scoring model for micro enterprises that are not maintaining balance sheets, and...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether all of the risk factors were priced during the internet bubble period. Design/methodology/approach – A unique hand collected dataset was used from public prospectuses for companies that issued an initial public offering during the...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider the problem of using the Value-at-Risk (VaR) technique and examine its practical implementation by Swiss Private Banks. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on a survey originally undertaken in 2003 and updated in 2005. The...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the origin of variance and beta as risk measures and to identify their shortcomings as perceived risk metrics. Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyses seminal literature from economics, psychology, and neuroscience that have...