MiFID II, together with MiFIR (Regulation (EU) No 600/2014), was intended to create a more transparent, competitive and integrated financial market in the EU by reducing trading outside regulated markets, increasing protection for investors and consumers, and improving financial stability. The...

Gatekeepers are not exclusive to digital markets. Gatekeepers exist in many other industries such as banking, telecoms and energy. The new element introduced by digital gatekeepers is their scale and scope: Digital gatekeepers have a global scope, have millions of users and are present in...

Although state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are recognized as important economic actors, the literature to date has assumed close state control over SOEs and therefore their passive stance towards institutions. Drawing on the institutional work and historical institutionalism literatures, we...

This paper understands the evolution of Internet governance as occurring in three phases: (1) the early phase of a largely open Internet and minimal government regulation; (2) growing concern about online harms and other adverse consequences of the platformisation of the Internet; and (3) the...

Policymakers have historically attempted to influence quality in nursing homes through the imposition of minimum staffing standards (MSS) and through the public dissemination of quality on websites like Care Compare. Current Federal MSS require a registered nurse (RN) on duty for at least eight...

This paper reproduces a chapter from the author’s 2018 PhD thesis ‘The Digital Donga: Universal Access and Service in South Africa (1994 - 2014)’. The author’s subsequent book Regulating Telecommunications in SA: Universal Access & Service was published by Palgrave Press in 2020, and can...

This chapter deals with the awarding of telecommunications licences in under-serviced area, a pioneering but unsuccessful intervention aimed at providing universal access and service. The granting of a series of telecommunications licences to new operators to provide telephony to under-serviced...

This chapter deals with the establishment of South Africa’s universal service fund, the country’s second major international best practice intervention aimed at providing universal access and service. The institutional arrangements governing the Fund, how contributions were levied, collected...

Over the last years, several reports highlighted the market power of very large online platforms that are gatekeeping intermediaries between businesses and consumers, and the difficulty for classic competition policy tools to deal effectively with anti-competitive practices in these platforms....

This study provides a detailed analysis of how the Portuguese payment system operates and how regulatory interventions, especially those involving price controls, would likely affect the interest of the various stakeholders in the system including consumers, merchants, banks, schemes, and...