customs unions (CUs) on member and non‐member countries when tariffs of both members and non‐members are endogenously … to lower tariffs on non‐members relative to that under most favored nation (MFN). Design/methodology/approach – The paper … gain, their external tariff needs to be greater than this threshold but smaller than twice their MFN tariffs. Outside this …

On 1 January 2024, Switzerland will implement a major trade policy reform by autonomously eliminating all tariffs on … elimination of industrial tariffs will reduce the net fiscal burden on imports by around CHF 600 million per year. In addition …

towards later stages of development. Recently the US government has moved against the trend by imposing tariffs on China … Chinese government retaliated by introducing tariffs on US produced goods. For the time being, the result of this trade war on …

Market access negotiations in merchandise trade at the multilateral level cover tariffs and non-tariff measures (NTMs …). While tariffs have been substantially reduced in earlier rounds, they remain high in certain areas and further reductions …