Identifying groups of comparable individual assets for a relative comparison of investment performance presents a major difficulty for direct real estate investors. The old adage ‘no two properties are exactly the same' expresses this problem, yet investment managers require reliable this...

In this paper we investigate the commonly used auto-regressive filter method of adjusting appraisal-based real estate returns to correct for the perceived biases induced in the appraisal process. Many papers have been written on appraisal smoothing but remarkably few have considered the...

Efficient markets should guarantee the existence of zero spreads for total return swaps. However, real estate markets have recorded values that are significantly different from zero in both directions. Possible explanations might suggest non-rational behaviour by inexperienced market players or...

We extend the IPO literature analysing the role of financial market integration in the development of IPO markets and the pricing of newly listed stocks. Using a hierarchical linear model, we show that differences in underpricing between markets with high and low financial integration levels are...