The EU's finances have become more complex because of a proliferation of off‑budget mechanisms alongside the traditional budget. Most of these new mechanisms involve borrowing and lending activities. The agreement of the Next Generation EU response to the pandemic accentuates the trend towards...

Examines efforts to strengthen Economic and Monetary Union in the European Union, especially over the last decade. It also reviews the wide-ranging reforms undertaken since the crises of the early 2010s and assesses whether they go far enough.