an intellectual property clearinghouse that reduces transaction costs associated with licensing. We show that this causes … of the anticommons'. Downstream welfare effects may also be positive or negative and we characterise the effects on …

This paper reviews and compares patent pools, intellectual property clearinghouses and copyright collectives as systems … systems promote downstream use of innovations by economizing on search and transaction costs in licensing, as well as … potentially mitigating the conditions that lead to the 'tragedy of the anti-commons' and other coordination problems in …

an intellectual property clearinghouse that reduces transaction costs associated with licensing. We show that this causes … of the anticommons'. Downstream welfare effects may also be positive or negative and we characterise the effects on …

an intellectual property clearinghouse that reduces transaction costs associated with licensing. We show that this causes … equilibrium royalties to rise in some cases and may harm licensors due to the 'tragedy of the anticommons'. Downstream welfare …

We examine third-party collective rights organisations (CROs) such as clearinghouses that license innovations on behalf … increase incentives to invest in R&D as they increase profits from licensing. However, incentives to invest of inventors who …

-trust rules. Most CROs increase upstream R&D incentives by increasing licensing profit but this may lead to over-investment. We …

There are three analytically distinct layers of the phenomenon that has been labeled “the anticommons” and indicted as … complements (either in production or consumption), multiple marginalization—seen here to be the core of the “anticommons” – is … the anticommons. …