Background: The exposure of children to secondhand smoke at home and elsewhere has been largely an overlooked problem in Japan, regardless of widely well spread knowledge about health risk of secondhand smoke exposure to children. Furthermore, evidence and study are limited and little is known...

We develop a framework to examine how a standard evolves when a standard consortium or firm (incumbent) innovates either to improve the standard or to strengthen the installed base, which increases switching costs. Both investments make it more difficult for another firm (entrant) to introduce a...