Kickers in the NFL have two jobs. The first is kicking off. The second is scoring via field goal attempts and extra points. Of these two actions, the latter’s impact on outcomes is most easily observed. Decision-makers should be able to go beyond simple visual observation and evaluate actions...

The present paper examines aggregate player movement in Major League Baseball over the majority of the 20th century. Major League Baseball has been subject to numerous exogenous shocks across the period. For example, it has been subject to competition during the mid-1910s with the introduction...

Both the popular press and industry insiders have claimed that the growing gap between the "rich" and "poor" teams in major league baseball has led to a greater disparity on the field of play and that the eventual outcome of this gap will be lower attendance. The purpose of this inquiry is...