In this paper we empirically test three of the most significant theories about the emergence of a European identity. The three approaches considered here are, respectively: First, a cultural theory, which understands identities as being based on ethno-cultural factors generated through a...

The paper empirically tests three of the most significant theories about the emergence of a European identity. The three approaches considered here are, respectively: first, a "cultural" theory, which understands identities as being based on ethno-cultural factors generated through a long-term...