The Fourier cosine expansion approach (COS) is developed by Fang and Oosterlee (2008) using the Cosine series expansions of the value function at the next time level and the density function. The resulting equation is called the COS formula, due to the use of Fourier cosine series expansions....

The use of various moving average (MA) rules remains popular with financial market practitioners. These rules have recently become the focus of a number empirical studies, but there have been very few studies of financial market models where some agents employ technical trading rules of the type...