In this paper we consider the relationship between output, the price level and the Central Bank's broad money aggregate, M2, which is a simple sum of six 'monies'. We consider by way of comparison a divisia index, which we adjust to allow, in the alternatively and conceptually divergent ways,...

La Bundesbank et la Banque de France ont organisé les 19 et 20 mai derniers à Hambourg leur troisième conférence conjointe. Cette conférence portait sur les défis que la politique macroéconomique doit relever à court et à long terme, dans ses volets monétaire, budgétaire et fiscal.

Money markets offer monetary services and short-term finance in the capital market with the credit support of institutional sponsors. Investors finance money market instruments at low interest because their salability on short notice confers an implicit monetary services yield. Low interest...

This paper describes the Australian banking system, highlighting ways in which it differs from other major banking systems. It draws together themes from previous work conducted at the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), and outlines the role the banking system plays in the transmission of monetary...

The Bundesbank and the Banque de France held their third joint conference on 19 and 20 May 2011 in Hamburg. The conference was devoted to the challenges that macroeconomic policy – in the form of monetary, fi scal and tax policy – must address in the short and long run.

With the exception of Bitcoin, there appears to be little or no literature on GARCH modeling of cryptocurrencies. This paper provides the first GARCH modeling of the seven most popular cryptocurrencies. Twelve GARCH models are fitted to each cryptocurrency and their fits are assessed in terms of...

A five cent $0.05 investment in Bitcoin on July 17, 2010, the first date in which there appears to have been a published value had grown to $7,383.39 on July 18, 2018. While Bitcoin as a currency has existed for less than a decade ̶ it had a very limited liquidity and usage during the first few...

Since 2018, stablecoins have become the major digital currencies facilitating payment flows across various decentralized financial platforms. While in the simplest terms, stablecoins operate as low-volatility digital cash, they are not created equal. Broadly speaking, stablecoins are...

We develop a general equilibrium model of self-fulfilling bank runs in a setting without aggregate risk. The key novelty is the way in which the banking system’s assets and liabilities are connected. Banks issue loans to entrepreneurs who sell goods to households, which in turn pay for the...

This paper looks at the recent trends in income, output and employment, money and banking, fiscal reform, and foreign capital and investment. The changing economic environment can be seen from two recent events: the 1993 Austerity Plan and the 1995 Bank Law. Two issues are basic to the new...