Do proteins with larger fluctuations in their functions show higher rates of their evolutions? To gain some insight on the question, we conducted an in vitro experimental evolution where a mutant of green fluorescence protein (GFP) with random sequence at its N terminus was subjected to ten...

We propose a concept of autonomous energy transducer at a molecular scale, where output is produced with small input energy, not very much larger than the thermal energy, without restriction of magnitude or timing of input, and without any control after the input. As an example that satisfies...