accounting as the 'self-consciousness of capital'. These interpretations of accounting were presented by T. Miyosawa and A … types of Japanese critical accounting theories: the 'capital movement approach' and the 'socio-political superstructure … approach'. These interpretations are mainly based on the theory of labour and capital by K. Marx who regards the capitalist …

The authors use stock market valuations to construct estimates of the cost of capital for five U.S. and four Japanese … securities firms in 1982-91. They seek explanations for the observed capital cost differences in macroeconomic, risk, policy, and … industrial organization factors. Their analysis also contrasts the gap in capital costs between U.S. and Japanese securities …

banks starved for capital. In September 1995, the Mitsubishi Bank was permitted to issue a complicated convertible security …'s annualized risk-adjusted cost of capital through this instrument was between 80 and 310 basis points higher than if the bank had …

analyzed using the standard supervisory framework, which assesses capital adequacy, asset quality, management, earnings, and …

Japanese government planners use the average age of the manufacturing capital stock as one measure of their country …'s international "competitiveness." Compared to the U.S., the data show that Japanese depreciation rates are higher and that capital … performance. A high depreciation rate lowers the net capital stock, and decreases the level of output. ; In this paper, we argue …