To investigate the initial morphological evolution of 321 stainless steel (SS) films, we examined the effect of sputtering time on the morphology of 321 SS film. In this study, a group of samples were prepared at nine different sputtering times within 20 s using radio-frequency (r.f.) magnetron...

Titanium films of 120 nm thickness were magnetron sputtered on glass substrates at room temperature, and subsequently they were annealed under flowing oxygen atmosphere at different temperatures and time. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to study topographic characteristics of the films,...

Bound rubber in carbon black (CB) filled rubber (natural rubber (NR) and styrene–butadiene rubber (SBS)) was prepared by the solvent method. The nanomorphology of CB and rubber/CB soluble rubber was observed by atomic force microscope. The results show that high-structure CB DZ13 has a "grape...

Ni–P ultra-black coatings were prepared by a novel blackening method of anodic oxidation in nonoxidizing acid media. The effect of the applied voltage, concentration of H3PO4 and anodization time on the microstructure and optical property of blackened coatings was investigated. The results...

Effective dispute resolution is important for reducing private and social costs. We study how resolution responds to changes in price and communication using a new, extensive dataset of copyright infringement incidences by firms. The data cover two field experiments run by a large...

Pricing idiosyncratic products is often challenging because the seller, ex ante, lacks information about the demand for individual items. This paper develops a model of dynamic pricing for idiosyncratic products that features the optimal stopping structure and a seller that learns about...