A bipartite producer–consumer network is constructed to describe the industrial structure. The edges from consumer to producer represent the choices of the consumer for the final products and the degree of producer can represent its market share. So the size distribution of firms can be...

Analysis of word frequency have historically used data that included English, French, or other language, data typically described by Zipf's law. Using data on traditional and modern Chinese literatures, we show here that Chinese character frequency stroked Zipf's law based on literature before...

CO2 is a significant greenhouse gas. CO2 emissions result mainly from energy consumption, which is closely related to the rate of economic development, efficiency of energy use and the structure of the energy-supply system. We estimate CO2 emissions in Shanghai for 1990 and 2010 and compare our...