The sanctions applied by both the USA and the EU against Iran do not formally ban the exports of medicines; in practice … international sanctions on patients with thalassemia and hemophilia in southern Iran. …

the severity of sanctions, we also identify an educative effect of frequent and high sanctions on further cooperation. …

Sanctions are often considered an important component of successful resource management. To govern water usage …, pastoral communities in Namibia have specific sanctions at their disposal and yet these are almost never applied. Interestingly … formal sanctions while opening other means of maintaining institutional regimes. …

types of economic sanctions but they are perceived as one of the least effective. One major problem with arms embargoes … to implement sanctions, despite strong economic incentives to ignore them and a lack of formal accountability mechanisms …

sanctions, impartial military intervention, and other tools – often applied unilaterally, which suggests that there is an …

In order to explain why successes of economic sanctions predominantly occur in the first two years of a sanction … sanctions have a higher probability of success in the early phase and a lower probability of success in the long run. Next we … important innovation is that we include both economic and political factors in a VAR model of economic sanctions. Our VAR models …

into more durable peace after conflict. First, heavy-handed interventions such as military deployments and sanctions can … diplomatic engagement and sanctions. However, when there is not adequate follow-through in the form of peacekeeping, the UN …

Although the relationship between trade and the use and success of sanctions is frequently studied in international … relations, researchers have generally failed to address the importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) on sanctions despite … test the effect of FDI on the use and success of sanctions imposed by the USA. We find evidence that a high level of …