We introduce a simple lattice model for the formation and evolution of shear bands in granular media. We study this model by numerical simulations and find that due to the localization of the shear band and the consequent inhomogeneous aging of the material, the average density shows very...

While taxation affects everybody who lives in a modern society, existing systems suffer from inconsistencies, operational imperfections, and high running costs. Amounts of tax paid by taxpayers are highly independent of the benefits received in return, which provides great freedom for...