instruments: the literacy rate at the end of the XIXth century, and the political institutions in place over the past several … and with available measures of institutions in a cross-country setting. …

entrepreneurial elite, resulting in economic policy and institutions which are more conducive to entrepreneurship and productivity …

I reconsider the primacy of institutions over geography as an explanatory factor of cross-country differences in … specifications and samples. Unbiased estimates of the relative performance effects of institutions and malaria prevalence are … difficult to obtain due to a lack of independent instrumental variables. Conditional on a restricted effect of institutions, my …

Institutions are important for proper economic performance, but are replaceable by trust or other social norms. We show … that when proper institutions and trust are missing, integrity of the individuals can replace them. We construct a model of … a transactions-based economy with contracts preceding the transactions, and show that any one of (1) institutions, (2 …

entrepreneurial elite, resulting in economic policy and institutions which are more conducive to entrepreneurship and productivity …

This paper emphasizes that the evolution of religious institutions in Europe was influenced by the expansionary threat …

sociopolitical institutions because they (a) involve a strong degree of increasing returns to scale and the natural monopoly powers …