New land tenure arrangements in the USSR require that agricultural producers pay for land use. The current distorted pricing system and the absence of functioning land markets complicate land valuation, and slow the adoption of new property relations. In a market economy that functions well,...

The point of parallel imports of pharmaceuticals is arbitrage between countries with different prices. For several years, an important issue in the European Union (EU) has been the evident conflict between differing price regulations in the member states, on the one hand, and the consequences of...

Privatization of infrastructure ventures in sectors such as energy, telecommunication, transport, and water has become popular over the last decade. Often- for good or bad reasons - private firms are given monopoly franchises under some type of long-term concession agreement, for...

This paper provides insights into international commodity modeling by providing a survey of recent developments in this modeling area and by explaining how these developments interacted with and were applied within the Bank. Following a brief introduction into basic commodity modeling purposes,...

World prices have traditionally been unstable, however, the authors'find thehe much publicized turbulence in world markets in the mid-1970's and early 1980's to have been more a statistical fluke - an unlucky chance sample - than the beginning of any longer term increase in market instability....

Dumping accurs when a firm charges a price in the foreign market below its price in the domestic market when it supplies the indentical good to both markets. Provisions within the GATT allow member countries to impose antidumping (AD) duties to counteract this behavior and return the price of...

The author develops and applies a methodology to empirically explore the effects of trade policies on the distribution of income and poverty in developing countries. He uses a methodology based on two links-one connecting trade policies to prices, and another connecting prices to household...

This paper finds that the current GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) consistent antidumping laws have a strong protectionist drift and a procartel bias. They endanger the very edifice of the international trade system based on GATT rules. LDCs (Less Developed Countries) and NICs...

Access to financial services, or rather the lack thereof, is often indiscriminately decried as a problem in many developing countries. The authors argue that the"problem of access"should rather be analyzed by identifying different demand and supply constraints. They use the concept of an access...

This paper derived closed form solutions for the pricing of options on average prices and recapture clauses. On this basis, the values of recapture clauses in the Mexico and Venezuela agreements under alternative assumptions regarding the state variable underlying the clauses are estimated. The...