We use data on 317 Japanese firms to examine the effect of relative access to credit and relative wealth on the Japanese firm’s rate of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the United States. Using the zero-inflated negative binomial model, we find that multiple rating downgrades of a firm’s...

Japanese firms undertake multiple foreign direct investments (FDIs) in the United States. When Japanese firms undertake merger and acquisition (M&A) FDI, they acquire indivisible assets in the United States. To utilize their acquired assets fully, these firms may undertake additional non-M&A...