to the new and numerous challenges that the market requires. These challenges are economic, but not only. A continuous and steady development involves actually the need to go beyond the limits, not only in the case of traditional companies, but also of those in the start up phase. To be in a...

A state space representation of a linearized DSGE model implies a VAR in terms of observable variables. The model is said be non-invertible if there exists no linear rotation of the VAR innovations which can recover the economic shocks. Non-invertibility arises when the observed variables fail...

This paper uses survey expectations data from both Germany and the United States to construct empirical proxies for time-varying business-level uncertainty. Access to the con?dential micro data from the German IFO Business Climate Survey permits construction of uncertainty measures based on both...

The IMF makes policy recommendations to European countries through its Article IV consultations and resulting papers. This paper examines IMF policy recommendations to see whether they have contributed to the ongoing crisis in Europe, and also how they might affect other European Union goals...

Purpose – The latest generation of research into macroeconomic policy has turned from more technical aspects of optimal control and expectations formation to consideration of the policymaking institutions themselves. More and more countries have moved towards greater degrees of central bank...

When French economists read The Purchasing Power of Money, they were primarily interested in the equation of exchange and the reformulation that Fisher proposed regarding the quantity theory of money. This reading led them to ponder the meaning that should be given to this theory and to study...

This paper looks at Ecuador’s financial and regulatory reforms during the past five years, perhaps the most comprehensive of any country in the 21st century: taking control over the central bank, regulating capital outflows, taxing the financial sector, encouraging domestic investment and...

To rely or not on the state actions is in European Union an even greater challenge than before, because the national authority itself is a part of a larger evolving economic system, clearly regulated but unpredictable when put to work. We all wish more, cheaper and better merchandise to...

The permanent concerns of analysts to determine how accurately the real economic benefits of tourism, not stopping at only the direct costs of international and domestic visitors but to consider their indirect effects have made them believe that tourism statistics are not comprehensive...

Tourism is a complex social and economic phenomenon specific to modern civilization, anessential activity in the life of nations, being strongly influenced by the freedom of travel and theevolution of society. Addressing to large shares of the population and meeting the human need fortravelling...