In reviewing World Bank evaluations of the impact of population projects, the author explains the nature and uses of four families of performance indicators. Two measure inputs: Project implementation indicators, which are project-specific, are the principal measures used in Bank supervision....

The author provides a conceptual framework for approaching the promotion of technological innovation and its diffusion in developing countries. Innovation climates in developing countries are, by nature, problematic, characterized by poor business and governance conditions, low educational...

Environmental degradation can inflict serious damage on poor people because their livelihoods often depend on natural resource use and their living conditions may offer little protection from air, water, and soil pollution. At the same time, poverty-constrained options may induce the poor to...

The World Bank's new environment strategy advocates cost-effective reduction of air and water pollutants that are most harmful to human health. In addition, it addresses threats to the livelihood of over one billion people who live on fragile lands-lands that are steeply sloped, arid, or covered...

This paper looks at Singapore's efforts to transform the economic growth base from one that is predominantly efficiency-driven to one that is more innovation-driven. To accelerate the transition process, the government is aggressively investing in"innovation infrastructure"-systems and...

Indonesia has achieved one of the most impressive records in fertility reduction over the past two decades. The country's total fertility rate has declined froman estimated 5.5 in 1967 - 1970 to 3.4 in 1987. Population growth has been estimated at 2.1 percent during the eighties. Many observers...

The objective of this paper is to review the historical experience of the Bank's lending and sector activities in the population field, and to evaluate the Bank's strengths and weaknesses in this field. Based on analysis of Bank documents, interviews and field visits, the review concludes that...

The author focuses on how urban policies and the clustering of creative industries has influenced urban outcomes. The set of creative industries include those with output protectable under some form of intellectual property law. More specifically, this sub-sector encompasses software,...

Survey evidence from Mexico reveals large observed differences in pollution from factories in the same industry, or the same area, or operating under the same regulatory regime. Many factories have adopted significant measures for pollution control and are in compliance with environmental...

In research on how population growth affects economic performance, some researchers stress that population growth reduces the natural resources and capital (physical and human) per worker while other researchers stress how greater population size and density affect productivity. Despite these...