This paper goes beyond orthodox considerations of direct payment e®ects on agricultural output, by highlighting the role of subsidies in a®ecting individual producers' ability to cover ¯xed costs, and in distorting the volume of aggregate production and net trade by implicitly discouraging...

This article proposes a trade restrictiveness quantity index (TRQI) to measure the welfare impact of trade restrictions based on a distance functions approach. The TRQI embodies two Farrell measures of efficiency-respectively for producers and consumers-that can be computed using standard...

This paper establishes a political support model of immigration reforms. The analysis highlights the distinction between border enforcement and employer sanction measures in that the former can be more aptly characterized as an income transfer from employer to native labor interests, whereas the...

In this paper, we examine the role of migrant network in determining patterns of outmigration. Conditions under which migration equilibrium may permit multiple steady states are identified. Our analysis discusses instances where migration generates its own demand and explains differences in...